Investigating the Causes and Socio-Psychological Effects of Acid Attacks on Women Victims

Abstract

Acid attacks represent one of the most brutal forms of violence, predominantly occurring in male-dominated societies where they serve as tools to punish and permanently scar women who resist male authority. In Pakistan, such violence is deeply rooted in patriarchal social and cultural norms. This qualitative study, conducted among female acid attack survivors in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan, identified the refusal of marriage proposals and personal conflicts as the major causes of acid crimes. The findings reveal that survivors face severe socio-economic and psychological effects, including social rejection, humiliation, and emotional trauma due to their altered physical appearance, which often leads to marginalization and social exclusion. The study underscores the need for stronger legislation, stricter punishments, and comprehensive support systems for survivors, along with effective enforcement of women’s protection laws, regulation of acid sales, public awareness initiatives, and long-term rehabilitation programs to ensure survivors’ recovery and reintegration into society.