Women’s Political Participation in Pakistan: A Qualitative Exploration of Gender Quotas’ Effectiveness

Abstract

This study explores the effectiveness of gender quotas in enhancing women's political participation in Pakistan through a qualitative approach. Conducted in Islamabad, the research reveals that while quotas have increased formal representation, they have not significantly improved decision-making power. Many respondents reported limited influence, institutional and financial barriers, social and cultural constraints, and challenges in policy implementation. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with female politicians to understand their experiences and challenges in political spaces. Thematic analysis was conducted using Braun and Clarke's six-step framework. The findings highlight that political gatekeeping, economic disparities, and societal expectations continue to hinder women's meaningful participation. Furthermore, weak enforcement mechanisms limit the impact of existing policies promoting inclusivity. To address these issues, the study recommends strengthening institutional support, increasing financial accessibility, challenging cultural norms through awareness campaigns, ensuring effective policy implementation, and promoting inclusive decision-making structures. Without these reforms, gender quotas will remain a symbolic measure rather than a transformative tool for political empowerment.