Emerging Dietary Trends and Iron Deficiency Anemia Among Pakistani Youth: A Study of Generation Z in Multan, Pakistan

Abstract

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is a widespread micronutrient deficiency and a growing public health concern among adolescents and young adults in developing countries. Gen Z (ages 15–25) is particularly vulnerable due to unhealthy dietary patterns, frequent consumption of fast food, and limited awareness of nutrition-related health risks. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptoms suggestive of iron deficiency anemia and examine their association with dietary habits, unhealthy food consumption, and nutrition awareness among Gen Z in Multan, Pakistan. A cross-sectional descriptive design was employed using simulated data to reflect realistic field conditions. Data from 100 participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results indicated a high prevalence of fatigue (62%), poor concentration (55%), and headaches (50%). Regular consumption of fast food (58%), sugary beverages (64%), and high tea intake (70%) were common and strongly associated with higher symptom prevalence. Awareness regarding anemia and iron-rich foods was low, with 62% of participants unaware of anemia as a nutritional disease. Females demonstrated a higher burden of symptoms compared to males. The findings highlight unhealthy food consumption and lack of nutrition awareness as major contributors to iron deficiency risk among Gen Z. Targeted nutrition education and youth-focused dietary interventions are strongly recommended.